The Self Reference Effect On Mother - 1498 Words

The extensibility of the self-reference effect to mother Organism used the sense of self to distinguish itself from the immediate external environment (Neisser, 1988). The idea of ‘extended self’ suggested that the self was not limited to the body but also incorporate with self-relevant information (Kim Johnson 2012). The self-object associations was developed as far back as early childhood, which showed that ownership was important in cognition (Cunningham, Turk, Macdonald, Macrae, 2008). Three research have investigated the association between ownership and cognition. In the study done by Cunningham et al. (2008), participants took part in a shopping experiment. They were required to move the stimulus items into a basket owned by self or a basket owned by another participant. The memory for items in both baskets was assessed. They found that participants were significantly recognized more of the objects that moved to the self-owned basket than to the other-owned basket. The pattern of the improvement in recognition memory was similar to the self-reference effect. The self-reference effect suggested that information encoded with reference to ‘self’ enjoyed a memory advantage compared with the information related to another person because of the enrichment in the representations of the self-relevant objects, and hence the recognition and the memory was improved (Cunningham et al., 2008). In the study done by Kim and Johnson (2012), participants participated in theShow MoreRelatedIs The Self Reference Effect More Effective On Children s Memory Rather Than Adults?1733 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Self Reference Effect More Effective On Children’s Memory Rather Than Adults? Madison Herley Professor Cooke General Psychology 101 April 21, 2016 Abstract The study will investigate the self reference effect with two different age groups. The two age groups will be young and older adults, trying to obtain material. The first group is told to relate that information to themselves or past experiences and, the second group is only told to review the material given. The purpose of this experimentRead MorePast Psychiatric History Regarding Dr Rosemary Mills1577 Words   |  7 PagesIn Reference to Chapter 5: Past Psychiatric History Regarding DR Rosemary Mills Report I am not happy with DR Rosemary Mills report due to the reasons being: Myself Mr Simon Cordell’s and family representatives, inclusive of civil partner and close net friends, whom do support me and disagree with the negative statements used in the medical reports. We all therefore agree together, that a wide amount of information contained on RIO’S data base is widely inaccurate, such wrongful intelligence isRead MoreFamily Structure, Father Involvement936 Words   |  4 PagesWith so much emphasis on the mother being in charge of the house and the kids, you would think mother involvement is enough for a child’s healthy development and good adolescent Behavioral Outcomes (if all the rest goes well/ â€Å"normal†). In the following two articles we will see if father involvement has any outcomes: 1.†A father s love is one of the greatest influences on personality development†, which was published in Science Daily newspaper and 2. â€Å"Family Structure, Father Involvement† publishedRead MorePostnatal Depression ( Pnd ) Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesPostnatal depression (PND) is an isolating and debilitating mental health disorder that effects an estimated 13-15% of new mothers within one year post-deli very (CDC, 2008; Gaynes et al., 2005). PND can be experienced as a vast array of symptoms such as anhedonia, excessive crying, mixed anxious mood, sleep disturbance, and even suicidality (Kantrowitz-Gordon, 2013). Further, mothers with PND typically report difficulty bonding with their infant and a reduced ability to express love and warmth (LetourneauRead MorePostpartum Depression And Postpartum Psychosis1135 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of mothers. While as many as 80% experience some form of the â€Å"baby blues,† a smaller percentage experience Postpartum Depression, with even fewer moms that experience Postpartum Psychosis. Treatments vary depending degree and intensity of symptoms, and can include talk therapy/psychotherapy (individually or group), antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy, and other modalities. Awareness encompasses knowing and recognizing signs and symptoms. In order to minimize the harmful effects of thisRead MoreThe Dehumanizing Effect of Ali enation and the Restoration of Self Identity in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis788 Words   |  3 Pagesits underlying effect on self identity. The alienation Kafka promotes is propagated towards the main character Gregor Samsa, who inevitably transforms into a giant cockroach. The alienation by family relations affects him to the extent that he prioritizes his extensive need to be the family’s provider before his own well-being. This overwhelming need to provide inevitably diminishes Gregor’s ability to be humanlike. Kafka also enforces the idea of the ability to resurrect one’s self identity followingRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Reflection Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pageshealth by providing information, education, teachings, and health care services to the population. The focus is on the collective good of the population by provision of health services to individuals, families, and residents of the community. The effect of working on individuals , families, aggregates, organizations or institutions within the community is promoting changes in health of its inhabitant, which consequently affect the entire community populations. Role of Community Health Nursing inRead More Cut by sylvia Plath Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagescut however Plath refers to it as her own thumb as a sign of empathy/psychosis. In the poem, Plath describes the feelings and sensations of deliberate self mutilation and the emotional release it brings. The cutting of the thumb can be viewed in a Freudian manner in which the incident occurred accidentally â€Å"on purpose† a parapraxis, having the effect of building up tension. Context The context in which the poem is taking place is in England, isolated away from all her family and friends, duringRead MoreFreud s Trust Vs. Miss Trust Theory907 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Half of the infants in the United States today have employed mothers, twice the proportion that there were in 1970.† Studies on the affect of mothers going back to work have been varied and have thus for lead to interpretations of the results. The mothers and infants relationship has a central part in a lot of theories on an infants trust development. Freud’s trust vs. miss-trust theory is an example of this. â€Å"Infants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs. Responsive parentingRead MoreFriendship Is A Virtue Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesother. Although, some friendships end up in disaster, they help you grow as a person and understand other people’s point of view. Director, Tom Rath, believes that â€Å"we are all aware of the value of friendship e specially during difficult times.† It’s self-evident that friendship is an essential ingredient in living a fulfilled life. In fact, Jane Collingwood acknowledged in her article, â€Å"The Importance of Friendship,† that â€Å"friendship is more than five times as important as physical intimacy within

Essay On Yellow Journalism - 1890 Words

Yellow journalism was a major issue in the late 1890s during the Spanish-American War. The purpose of yellow journalism is to use headlines and report sensational events that draws the attention of the audience in order to sell more newspapers, even if the facts used were not legitimate. Yellow journalism came to an end with the development of objective journalism, which reports facts that are not biased. With the rise of social media, yellow journalism and â€Å"fake news† are making a comeback and becoming a â€Å"norm† in modern society. The rise of social media is contributing to the amount of yellow journalism and fake news that is occurring, which is ultimately leading to party polarization. Yellow journalism originated in the 19th century†¦show more content†¦Objective journalism originated in response to yellow journalism. Objective journalism is reporting facts rather than opinions and presents both sides of the partisan debate. Objective journalism be came the new norm of society and ultimately eliminated most of yellow journalism. With the development of cable television and FM radio, the news began to take a more partisan role and led to the increase of party polarization, which is the further divide between Republicans and Democrats. With the rise of social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, the creation of â€Å"fake news† is becoming imminent. Today, news organizations are using the tactics of yellow journalism in politics to gain the attention of the audience and provide false facts that produce a major response from the viewers. Ideas and propaganda material are able to spread faster and to a wider range of people through social media. Much of this material is â€Å"fake news† that usually discredits one of the political parties, Republicans or Democrats. With the wide spread of this negativity toward one party, the opposing party strengthens its ideals and ultimately leads to increased party polarization. The journal, Correlating Political Polarization and Spread of Misinformation, by Manoel Horta Ribeiro, claims that social media is contributing to an increase in party polarization due to the increasingShow MoreRelatedEssay on What ´s Yellow Journalism?748 Words   |  3 PagesYellow journalism is a writing style that used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole to sell millions of newspapers. But the number of newspapers selling went up drastically after the blowing up of the battleship USS Maine. At 9:30 on February, 15 the USS Maine sinks in Havana Harbor. This starts the Spanish American War. Then newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer began having the sinking of the USS Maine all over the front pages. The dramatic style of yellow journalism contributedRead MoreEssay on Propoganda, Advocacy and Yellow Journalism1938 Words   |  8 Pagesattention, information is not always presented in the most ethical manner. Yellow journalism, propaganda and advocacy journa lism are methods used to deliver news without having to follow the fundamental ethics of journalism. As outlined by the Society of Professional Journalists, journalist should seek to identify sources, verify accuracy of facts and question a sources motives (2005). Yellow journalism is a type of journalism where sensationalism triumphs over factual reporting. This may take theRead MoreThe Media And Its Influence On Politics1643 Words   |  7 Pagesgather different acts and situations and broadcast it fairly, and responsively. Each individual relies on the media in order to receive information daily. The question raised in this essay is â€Å"Has the media shown news accurately, fairly or even completely?† And â€Å"How has it brought down the economy†. Throughout this essay I will look into the media and its influences that it has on politics, Its Government and the economy that surrounds itself within it. The history of Canada’s economics begins withRead MoreThe Modern Era Of Reporting944 Words   |  4 Pages Journalism has come a long way since its early time, but has remained the same fundamentally. This essay will explain the different types of eras in reporting the news, starting from the colonial era all the way to what is currently called the modern era of reporting. This will also define the terms of the Penny Press, Jazz journalism, Yellow journalism, and Muckraking to its specific era. In 1690, Benjamin Harris published the first American newspaper. Freedom of press wasn’t exactly in styleRead MoreEssay The Yellow Kids1033 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In America the President reigns for four years, and journalism governs for ever and ever.† Oscar Wilde never spoke truer words. The aforementioned ability to govern â€Å"for ever and ever† comes from journalistic sensationalism, a craft perfected by newspaper owners and journalists Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst at the dawn of the twentieth century. Sensationalism counts for only one of the numerous ties between the career rivals who, in an effort to distinguish themselves from eachRead MoreEssay on How Sensationalism Affects Eve1135 Words   |  5 Pages How Sensationalism Affects Everyone Involved In today ¡Ã‚ ¦s society journalism is under close scrutiny and is losing its credibility. Sensationalism effects both those who receive it in addition to those who report it. This essay will review the history of sensationalism in the media, clearly demonstrate how sensationalism effects ours views on journalism, and confront the ethical dilemmas that journalists must face between reporting objectively and reporting what sells. This will be accomplishedRead MoreMidterm Review Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesConsequence†©of†©having†©no†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœgatekeepers’†©on†©the†©Internet†© Characteristics†©of†©newspapers†©in†©early†©America†© Know†©the†©definition†©of†©the†©Ã¢â‚¬ËœFirst†©Amendment’†©to†©the†©Constitution†© Relation†©of†©literacy†©to†©mass†©media†© Definition†©of†©the†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpenny†©press’†© Know†©what†©is†©meant†©by†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœyellow†©journalism’†© Predicted†©features†©of†©the†©future†©newspaper†© What†©is†©Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmuckraking’?†© What†©were†©the†©three†©types†©of†©magazines†©that†©evolved†©between†©WWI†©and†©WWII?†© Time†©and†©TV†©Guide†©are†©examples†©of†©which†©type†©of†©magazine?†© Significance†©of†©the†©book†©Ã¢â‚¬ËœUncle†©Tom’s†©Cabin’†© Read MoreEvolution And Devolution Of The Mass Media994 Words   |  4 Pagescontradictory to the original intent of the First Amendment. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, journalism was obtained through almost exclusively print media which was the dominant form of media at the time. Print media consists of books, newspapers, newsletters, and magazines. The earliest forms of print media began with The Federalist papers which were a collection of articles and essays written by James Madison, post Articles of Confederation in order to promote the ratification of theRead More Politics and the Media Essay2295 Words   |  10 Pagesdiscussion and controversy in recent years (Davis, 1). The question raised in this paper is, Does the media present the news fairly, accurately, and completely? The short answer is no, the long answer will be examined throughout the following essay. This essay will examine the media and its influence and effects on politics and government. Publick Occurrences was the first newspaper to appear in colonial America. This publication begins the history of the media and its effects on politics andRead MoreAl Jazeera and CNN1741 Words   |  7 Pageschallenged the CNN because it has juxtaposed itself with the few media conglomerates that have monopolized the market and they have highlighted the profit media outlets tendency to â€Å"emphasize or ignore stories to serve their corporate purpose† 3. This essay will unpack the issues that accompany the journalistic trends and what drives these trends in both the non-profit media outlet Al Jazeera and the profit media outlet CNN. It will discuss the issues that an emphasis on profits have on the public sphere

Antigone as a Feminist Icon Free Essays

Antigone as a Feminist Icon Male authority is a dominant theme in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone. † Men occupied the land, ruled the towns and assigned the women duties to perform. Antigone, however, believed that she was just as strong as the men who ruled society during that time, which led to her downfall. We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone as a Feminist Icon or any similar topic only for you Order Now The goal of the feminist movement has generally been to seek equality between the sexes. Through the women’s movement, women have won the right to vote, and can now compete for traditionally male roles in the workplace. Although the feminist movement has largely taken place during the last 200 year, many figures in history have embodied characteristics of the contemporary feminist, such as the character of Antigone in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone. † Antigone’s introduction as a feminist is within the context of a fiercely sexist civilization. Sophocles paints a vivid portrait of a male dominated society. In 442 BC, women believed that they were inferior to men because men held power and influence over the people and the cities. The patriarchy consisted of men who considered themselves of higher importance and standing, and men who would assign women duties and expect them to perform without question. This authoritarian rule placed women in a subordinate role and extinguished any hopes of power. In the face of this efficiently and tightly controlled agency, Antigone rebels with what Catherine Holland describes as an â€Å"otherness† and an â€Å"anti-authoritarian† bent. Her very existence as the protagonist and, simultaneously, the antagonist defines her character as the adversary of man and thereby the adversary of the world. Antigone’s razor sharp temerity captures the spirit of modern and nascent feminism as she slashes the societal fabric into which she is woven. Antigone’s relationship with her sister Ismene also acutely expresses her feminist attributes. Ismene says â€Å"You ought to realize we are only women, not meant in nature to fight against men, and that we are ruled by those who are stronger. † These words provide insight into the female animus. Antigone confronts the difficult situation of whether or not to bury her brother Polynices against the wishes of her uncle, Creon the king. Ismene believes that women, including herself and Antigone, should not and cannot disobey Creon’s orders by burying their own brother. Antigone disagrees and decides to proceed with her plan. Her divergent thought puts her at odds with her entire family and her own survival. This speaks to the power of feminist thought. Antigone shines as a beacon for her contemporaries and for future generations who aspire to emulate her courage and honor. Vital to the play is Antigone’s conflict with Creon. Her resolute feminist ideology is perhaps most profound in regards to her interaction and relationship with her misogynistic and powerful uncle, the King of Thebes. Creon is a central patriarchal figure in society, and he renounces his beliefs in order to follow the laws of man. He values the laws of man above all other creeds, be they religious or moral. Conversely, Antigone follows the laws of the gods. She holds these principals paramount to the laws of Creon. When her mores, in particular, her family values, are impugned by the oppressive, myopic laws of the day, Antigone clashes with the intolerable, indulgent influence of Creon. With a fearless countenance she collides with Creon in a representative â€Å"battle of the sexes. † Creon forbids the burial of Antigone’s brother Polynices, which vexes the core of her family values. This profound allegiance compels her to disregard her place in society, while concurrently adhering to the traditional duty of women of that era. She now embodies a complicated and dynamic actor in her own story and the narrative of feminist thought. Antigone manifests the apogee of human probity, including fortitude and approbation for the gods. The law of the gods mandate that a proper burial right be given to a body. To Antigone this was more salient than Creon’s declaration otherwise. She reserves a traditional role as a woman; while also brazenly confronting this image. Challenging him through word and deed, she verbally criticizes him and ignores his decree against burying her brother. Creon becomes enraged by this rejection of his autonomy and condemns Antigone to death. Even though Creon knows that Antigone is the daughter of Jocasta, he knows that he must consummate his judgment to conserve his command over and respect of the people of Thebes. This battle between chauvinism of Creon and the conscious of Antigone sets the stage for the new king to secure his role as a strong and worthy leader. If he is feared and admired, he will be confirmed as the sublime authoritative force in Thebes. His deference to the state will engender the obedience of the people. Creon’s derisive manipulation to coerce others conflicts with Antigone’s courageous challenge to his leadership. Many of the men of Thebes embraced Creon’s bold assertions against women. As a model of defiance, Antigone is used to set an example to all of Thebes. Antigone is not only the first woman but first person whom intentionally defies Creon’s order to not bury her brother, who has been acknowledged a traitor to Thebes. Creon refuses to humble himself before others, or compromise on the issue but most importantly with women. He states that it is † Better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man-never to rated inferior to a woman, never†. Antigone does not give Creon additional respect based on the fact that he a man in patriarchal society or because he is king. Rather she argues that there shall be equality under God and the equality among all of the sexes. Antigone makes it clear to Ismene that she will take action relating to their brother regardless if Ismene agrees or not. Although they argue, there difference in opinion stand out in the end. Antigone is brave enough to stand firm on her decision and although Ismene is far too weak to defy the kings laws, she still feels as if she holds somewhat of a responsibility towards her sister. Without the help of her sister, Iseme, Antigone is willing to put her life at risk in order to provide for her brother and give him what deserves as far as the what the Gods say should be done. Despite Creon, Antigone is willing to test male authority although it may mean not fulfilling her duties as a sister. Ismene states: â€Å"Remember we are women, we’re not born to contend with men. Then too, we’re underlings, ruled by much stronger hands, so we must submit in this, and things still worse†. These words express Ismene’s extreme fear of subordination towards men. It shows her viewpoint on how the laws restricted the lives of woman and inferiority men placed upon women. A sense of responsibility is place upon Ismene to die with her sister as the the result of Antigone’s plea for help and her fear of being without family. When Creon spoke to Haemon, about the actions of his fiance, he strongly stresses the importance of obligations and the relationships of a man to his father over his wife. Furthermore, he emphasizes the position of males in judgment making by stating, â€Å" Oh Haemon, never loose your sense of judgment over a woman† Haemon’s defiance to his father lead Creon to proclaim him a â€Å"woman’s slave,† a man who is unfortunately sided with a woman. Creon had strong belief that these types of actions were close to committing a sin. If Antigone had been born the son of Oedipus, Creon would not have the authority to choose, as his crown would rest upon Antigone’s head. If Antigone were a male and Creon had been king, the possibility of her opinion on Polynices burial may have been considered. However, Antigone’s femininity made her situation more problematic than it was, as the King completely overlooked Antigone’s judgment over the matter. In conclusion, Antigone validates feminist opinions in numerous ways. She begins to challenge society by her existence in the establishment of a dominant male society guided by her own uncle. Antigone defies her own sister and her own mortality as she stays loyal to her beliefs regardless of Creon’s devotion to his own laws. Antigone as a woman, acted out in obligation as a duty for her family and for the Gods. Her integrity serves as an example for her society. Antigone faced her mortality head on, which suggest that she possesses a strong characteristic of bravery and obstinacy. Her legacy will live on to inspire many other insurgents to take a stand on their principles. Antigone’s solid feminist stance as a rebelling and male-controlled dictator shows that individualistic thinking and actions can be very powerful in both past and present modern day society. Works Cited Amacher, Richard E. â€Å"Antigone: â€Å"The Most Misread of Ancient Plays†. † National Council of Teachers of English 20. 7 Apr. (1959): 355-58. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/372655;. Holland, Catherine A. â€Å"After Antigone: Women, the Past, and the Future of Feminist Political Thought. † American Journal of Politcal Science 42. Oct. (1998): 1108-32. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. Jstor. org/stable/2991851;. Klemperer, Klemens V. â€Å"†What is the Law That Lies behind These Words? † Antigones Question and the German Resistance against Hitler. † The Chicago Press 64 Dec. (1992): S102-11. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/2124971;. Knapp, Charles. â€Å"A Point in the Interpretation of the Antigone o f Sophocles. † The American Journal of Philology 37. 3 (1916): 300-16. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/849663;. Schilb, John, and John How to cite Antigone as a Feminist Icon, Essay examples

Management Control Systems for Culture- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theManagement Control Systems for OrganizationalCulture. Answer: Introduction An organization with a flexible culture is in a position to perform other innovations, have a wide-range of decision-making, and is in a place to change its strategic direction to develop its businesses (Heinicke, Guenther, Widener, 2016). Flexibility in an organization has influenced the use of the four levers of control as below; Belief system reflects the vision, mission, and the ethics of a commercial enterprise to understand the goals of a firm (Alvesson, Sveningsson, 2015). Flexibility in the climate and culture of a firm leads to change in the values and beliefs of employees, which focuses on what workers worship may it be innovation or risk-taking. Thus, flexibility leads to a great future culture that motivates employees to behave differently. Interactive control creates a significant conversation across the organization and enhances exchange at all levels, and focuses on a single issue but not turning a blind eye to other problems. With flexibility, management layers are reduced, making the employees self-reliant. This distributes the power of decision making to the workers. Thus, the responsiveness of a firm is enhanced. Boundary systems give a clear view of what the organization is not supposed to do. It helps reduce the time spent in researching in new opportunities that will never be pursued by the firm. However, with a flexible organizational culture, the team contribute their expertise to the achievement of a given goal or process of an organization. The employees are called upon to innovate, thus meet the market demand and improve their morale by becoming more invested in the job they perform. Diagnostic control focuses on the power of feedback to identify if a system is in control or not and is steadily reviewed in formal meetings. A flexible organization structure enables employer and employees to obtain feedback about their performance in a manner that is constructive and helpful. Where the system is out of control, an action is put in place to resolve it. References Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. (2015).Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Heinicke, A., Guenther, T. W., Widener, S. K. (2016). An examination of the relationship between the extent of a flexible culture and the levers of control system: The key role of beliefs control.Management Accounting Research,33, 25-41.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur through being innovative and intelligent in terms of finance and business management with the chief purpose to transform creativity, innovation and originality into economic productivity (De Bruin and Dupuis 4).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Entrepreneurship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, the most common form of entrepreneurship is that of setting up a new business. Mostly, entrepreneurship activities vary depending with the category of organization and the level of innovativeness involved. As such, this research paper will assess and make an in-depth analysis of entrepreneurial techniques in order to understand the whole concept of entrepreneurship in general. Discussion Internal and external factors of Entrepreneurship. In business, there are both negative and positive factors that affect the performance of any business; these factors are eve nts and situations which impact the business in diverse ways; such factors can generally be referred as environmental factors or driving factors. Environmental driving factors can be subdivided into two categories; internal and external driving factors. Internal factors are those forces that impact the business internally or within an organization but can be influenced by the organization. For an example, the internal driving factors can include; technological competence, management system, financial supervision, organization background and employees ability among other factors (De Bruin and Dupuis 43). While external factors are those driving forces outside the organization and can not be controlled in anyway by the organization. Examples of external driving factors include; outside competition, demographic factors, political influence, and economical situation among other factors (De Bruin and Dupuis 51). All driving factors influence changes in any business and therefore for succ ess in the business, it is important to know how such changes are occurring which might include, increase or reduction of business competition, increase in business economy, political influence and change in customer behavior. Such factors may also affect the products in terms of its demand since customers would prefer unique products. Theory of entrepreneurship. There are numerous theories explaining the concept of entrepreneurship and examples includes; sociological theories, economical entrepreneurship innovation theory, and motivation theory among others. The entrepreneurship innovation theory was developed by Joseph Schumpeter (De Bruin and Dupuis 77). According to Schumpter he believes that an entrepreneur facilitates the process of economical progression in any given economy.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also argues that, a good entrepreneur is the one who hol ds the opinion of creativity, innovations and is always ambitious. The theory basis it argument in the fact that, an entrepreneur who incorporates new products, integrates new techniques, opens new avenues of marketing, develops new supply sources of raw material and makes new organization strategies is a genuine and successful entrepreneur (De Bruin and Dupuis 89). Role of theories in understanding entrepreneurs. Different theories are appropriate at different stages of entrepreneurial growth and therefore diverse theories should always be applied in different context; for instance, economical theories influence business expectations while the sociological theories are applicable in assessing entrepreneurial performance at different stages (Virtanen 6). The knowledge of different theories in entrepreneurship equips an entrepreneur with high levels of creativity and innovativeness, quality management abilities and the business expertise. Conclusion In conclusion, it’s clear t hat a good entrepreneur should apply the concept of originality through being innovative and applying creativity of the highest level in order to incorporate new business techniques. On the other hand, through understanding, different theories of entrepreneurship, an entrepreneur can be able to learn innovation, creativity, management skills, and the business know-how which are essential characteristics for success in business (Virtanen 2). Work Cited Entrepreneur.com. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice.2001. Web.18th August 2011 https://www.entrepreneur.com/ De Bruin, Anne Dupuis, Ann. Entrepreneurship: new perspectives in a global age. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2003. Print. Virtanen, Markku. The role of different entrepreneurship theories. 2011. Web.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Entrepreneurship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article on Entrepreneurship was written and submitted by user Enzo F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Entrepreneurship

Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essays

Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essays Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essay Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essay In chapter 3 of Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, Levitt demonstrates how false predictions are often led by conventional wisdom and why drug dealers still live with their moms. I agree with the author that conventional wisdom is often wrong or plainly insufficient to answer many important questions.   Crime did not keep on soaring in the 1990s, money alone does not help politicians win elections, and drinking eight glasses of water a day has never actually been shown to do a thing for one’s health.   Conventional wisdom is often shoddily formed and devilishly difficult to see through as it is associated closely with confusion of association and causation and also fallacy of composition.   While it is true that a healthy person may drink eight glasses of water each day, it does not necessarily mean that drinking eight glasses of water a day is good for one’s health.   Association and causation are entirely different.   Just like smoking cigarettes does not necessarily cause cancer – simply because two events are associated (in time, for example), it does not necessarily follow that one is the cause and the other is the effect.à ‚   People often confuse association and causation become it is convenient to assume that the apparent, easy answers are the correct ones.   The erroneous view that what is good or true for the individual is necessarily good or true for the group is another example of conventional wisdom that cannot be explained by reality in all its manifestations.   All the same, it is very convenient for people to just accept conventional wisdom, especially while the media and advertisement are also enforcing it.   This is one of the reasons why most people in the world do not turn into scientists. Indeed, it is possible to analyze the truth or untruth of conventional wisdom by asking the right questions.   There even exists a basic procedure that is used in many scientific works to avoid conventional wisdom in building and testing theories.   The procedure follows a set of guidelines.   First, the researcher decides what it is that he or she wants to explain or predict.   Second, the researcher identifies the variables that he or she believes are important to what he or she would like to explain or predict.   Third, the assumptions of the theory must be stated.   Fourth, the hypothesis must be stated.   Fifth, the theory must be tested by comparing its predictions against real-world events.   Sixth, it is recognized that if the evidence supports the theory, no further action is necessary, although it is a good idea to continue to examine the theory closely.   Seventh, if the evidence rejects the theory, the researcher must either formulate a new theory or ame nd the old theory in terms of its variables, assumptions, and hypothesis.   As an example, a researcher may have predicted that the housing market would experience a boom in the coming years.   If this does not happen, he or she is required to change the old theory or create a new one altogether.   But it if happens, the researcher would be required to continue monitoring the conditions of the market to actually prove his or her hypothesis.   The fact that the housing market actually experiences a boom does not necessarily imply that the boom will create economic growth or not turn into a slump soon enough, thereby invalidating all growth processes expected for the boom period, and which had supported the boom theory of the researcher. Bearing in mind the various stages of scientific analysis, I disagree that the drug dealers still live with their moms – as Levitt proves in chapter 3 – because they have incentives other than making profits that compel them to work at lower than the minimum wage for such a high risk job.   I believe that the main motivation for countless people who are willing to do such risky jobs is high profits for sure.   Considering the costs and benefits, as Levitt demonstrated in chapter 3; the marginal benefits for the foot soldiers to sell drugs are much smaller than the marginal costs, if indeed the income of drug dealers is very low while drug dealing is a very high risk job.   There seems to be no incentive for the foot soldiers to perform a high risk job for low incomes.   Only those who are drug addicts already may accept the job because of their poor mental condition as well as the fact that they need the drugs to keeping entering their bodily systems.   Moreov er, the marginal costs continue to increase as the longer they sell drugs on the street the more chances there are for them to get caught or shot.   Marginal benefits, on the other hand, continue to decrease.   Seeing that the marginal benefits will never equal the marginal costs, there is definitely no efficiency in drug dealing.   If Levitt is correct to state that the drug dealers are working at lower than minimum wage, then no one would want to sell drugs as human beings are rational but selfish, and risk- and effort- averse. It is important to consider the four meaningful factors that determine a wage – which Levitt uses to explain why the typical prostitute earns more than the typical architect.   The factors help explain why the typical drug dealer actually earns a high wage.   Just as little girls do not typically grow up dreaming of becoming prostitutes, individuals cannot be expected to grow up dreaming of becoming drug dealers and ending up being imprisoned or killed.   The skills of the drug dealers, while not necessarily specialized, are practiced in a very specialized context.   The job is unpleasant because of the high chances faced by the drug dealers of being imprisoned and getting killed.   Yet, the demand for service that the job fulfills is extremely large.   The office of national drug control policy has estimated that Americans spent $140 billion on illegal drugs in 1990 and about 1 in 15 Americans aged 12 and over currently uses drugs.   The estimates for worldwide drug use may also be considered to get a clearer picture of the demand situation for drugs.   After all, drug supply around the world is part of a global business with innumerable links. The incentives for the street drug dealers that Levitt demonstrated in chapter 3 do not apply to the majority of drug dealers in the United States.   The examples of drug dealers that he used are only the poor black people who have grown up in a housing project on Chicago’s south side.   To them the path to a decent legitimate job was practically invisible and crack dealing was a glamour profession.   If the same sampling bias is used on the prostitutes, they would be impossibly earning more than the architect.   Just as the typical prostitute earns more than the typical architect, the typical drug dealer earns more than most people sitting behind office desks.   Many teenage drug dealers have managed to earn well enough to be able to afford private art schools and nice cars.   Furthermore, many of the drug dealers are able to lead lives of luxury.   It is the type of neighborhood that they sell drugs in that makes the biggest difference in their lifestyles.   In other words, it is the business environment and the income of the consumers in their immediate market that actually determines whether drug dealers would live with their moms or in their personal mansions.   After all, the drug dealer who sells drugs to the rock stars and movie stars in Hollywood is not expected to live with his or her mom, while the drug dealer who deals in the tenderloin in San Francisco probably would. Levitt also compared the crack dealing business with the entertainment business in the sense that a lot of people are competing for a very few prizes in these businesses.   Criminals, like everyone else, would like to believe that maybe one day they would become the leaders of the crack cocaine dealing business and afford to lead lives of luxury.   This coincides with my belief that the monetary factor is what actually drives the drug dealers.   Levitt explained that crack dealing is similar to the glamour professions, whether they concern the movies or sports, although there is a different dynamic at play.   Swarms of bright young people throw themselves at grunt jobs that pay poorly and demand unstinting devotion as they all have to play the same game viewed as a tournament.   In the entertainment industry, like all other highly competitive industries, the workers at the bottom are poorly paid.   At the same time, however, people are usually willing to work long and har d so that they can move up and eventually get paid more.   The high-school quarterback, infamous actors and actresses, as well as musicians and designers may earn lower than the minimum wage before hitting big.   Thus, before the drug dealer or the entertainer is made famous, he or she must be poorly paid. Drug dealing is the opposite of many competitive industries in a variety of ways, despite the fact that it shares important business principles with them, e.g. the quest to maximize profits.   There is no dearth of jobs in the drug business, as the demand is extremely huge.   Additionally, there is very high risk attached to the job, while the job itself does not make the drug dealers proud.   Needless to say, people are not expected to be attracted to drug dealing as a job unless they are drug addicts who do not mind the risks.   Hence, it is important to consider the labor supply of the market for drugs.   As the demand is extremely large and inelastic because cocaine and crack are very addictive, the prices of the drugs are higher then the equilibrium price.   Levitt mentioned that cocaine is, indeed, very expensive.   It is but commonsense that the selling of cocaine must yield high profits.   Indeed, this is the very incentive for which the labor supply increases . This is also the strong incentive that causes the drug business to expand.   After all, the drug business is virtually uncontrollable and constantly expanding throughout the world.   Oscar Danilo Blandon helped to establish a link between Colombian cocaine cartels and inner-city crack merchants.   According to his explanation, the supply curve shifted outwards as the price of relevant resources decreased because there was no middle man.   Thus, the invention of crack as the invention of a new technology resulted in increased supply.   The drug dealers around the globe are making bigger profits than the technology experts perhaps.   People continue to be more driven to sell drugs. Drugs dealers do, indeed, make a lot of money. They still live with their moms because the nature of this business involves high risks.   Thus, it is very unstable.   Because of the high chances of getting caught or shot for drug dealing, many dealers quit before they have made enough money to support themselves for the rest of their lives.   Even so, there are drug dealers in America who make a huge amount of money selling to the rich and famous.   Indeed, the income of a drug dealer is dependent on the socioeconomic status of his or her customers.   The business is unregulated in most parts of the world, so therefore its prices are unregulated.   Moreover, the expanding drug business around the world proves that drug dealing must be highly profitable for numberless people.   The drug business must also have its role to play in global economic growth.   If it is underground, it does not necessarily mean that the business does not help the economy grow.   Thus, conv entional wisdom must always be questioned for the researchers to find the best possible answers to our burning questions.   Settling for less, that is, inappropriate albeit simplistic answers, is not sufficient for the level of intelligence that is conducive to high economic growth.

Hall of Fame Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hall of Fame - Essay Example Hamilton was eighteen years old when he was drafted. Before being drafted, Hamilton played centered field and pitcher in high school and was clocked at an amazing 96mph when he pitched a fastball. Josh Hamilton was given the honor of North Carolina’s Player of the Year in 1997 and 1998. He also made the cover on an issue of Baseball America while he was still in high school. (Black Book Partners) While playing for the Tampa Bay minor league team, Josh was the youngest player ever to be invited to the All-star Futures Game. This is an annual game played the Sunday before the Major League All-star game featuring a matchup of top minor league prospects from all over the world. He was named Co-MVP of the Southern League and voted in as the Minor League Player of the year by USA Today. In 2003, Josh Hamilton began a long struggle with addictions to alcohol and drugs, particularly cocaine. He made attempts, though unsuccessful, at rehabilitation at the Betty Ford Clinic, and his use of drugs began to affect his efforts on the field and he was ultimately suspended from professional baseball. After all was said and done, Hamilton ended up losing his wife and children along with his home due to his severe drug problem. Vowing to get clean and sober, Josh Hamilton went to work at The Winning Inning complex in Clearwater, FL. The Winning Inning is a facility that teaches the fundamentals of baseball while providing strong Christian surroundings. Hamilton performed maintenance and janitorial duties while detoxifying himself and lessoning the hold alcohol and drugs had over him. Josh Hamilton returned to professional baseball in 2007. Hamilton was chosen by the Chicago Cubs in the Rule 5 Draft in December and allowed to return to Major League Baseball. He and was swiftly traded to the Cincinnati Reds that same year. He was then acquired by the Texas Rangers in 2008. Hamilton went on to win Player of the Month in both April and May of 2008. Josh Hamilton’s bigg est achievement in 2008 came when he set a record in the Home Run Derby that year by hitting an astounding twenty-eight homeruns in the first round of the competition (Press). Hamilton’s most recent accomplishment was his being named the 2010 American League’s Most Valuable Player. In addition to his on-field accomplishments after returning to baseball, Hamilton spends his free time speaking to large audiences around the country about his struggle with alcohol and drugs. The Hall of Fame for any sport or other activity is a showcase of the best participants in that field based on major accomplishments achieved throughout their careers. The Baseball Hall of Fame has a long and illustrious history including players from the first days of the game. There are many different reasons a player could be named to the Hall of Fame and while accomplishments on the field are a major factor, actions off of the field are of no less importance. Josh Hamilton received many honors prio r to playing Major League Baseball. He made a mistake by getting mixed up in drugs and alcohol that almost ruined his entire life. Instead of succumbing to his missteps, he used his single-minded determination to redeem himself both publicly and professionally. Josh humbled himself to performing duties such as cleaning and performing routine maintenance jobs instead of taking an easier approach to rehabilitation but teaching baseball fundamentals. Fortunately, the hard work combined with the baseball